L'État du mal-logement en Île-de-France 2025

The “L’État du mal‑logement en Île‑de‑France 2025” is an annual regional study produced by the Fondation pour le Logement des Défavorisés, a French non‑governmental organisation dedicated to combating inadequate housing and homelessness. The research is authored by a multidisciplinary team – Éric Constantin, Anne‑Claire Davy, Sandrine Beaufils, Philippe Pauquet, Marie Pagezy‑Boissier and Ingrid Fourny – who combine expertise in social‑housing policy, geographic information systems, and field research. The report presents a comprehensive picture of housing hardship in the Île‑de‑France region for 2025, drawing on recent surveys, institutional data and the foundation’s own field observations.

The study estimates that 1.283 million people (≈19 % of the regional population) are classified as “mal‑logés” in 2025, ranging from those without a personal domicile to households living in severely inadequate conditions. An additional 2.937 million individuals are identified as “fragiles” with respect to housing – including owners facing co‑ownership difficulties, renters in arrears, people experiencing severe overcrowding, and those suffering from energy‑poverty. Together, these figures underline that roughly one‑third of the region’s inhabitants face serious housing insecurity.

• Home‑ownership rate: 47 % of households own their dwelling.
• Private‑rental sector: 28.5 % of households rent privately.
• Social‑housing sector: 21.9 % of households rent socially.
• Free‑housing (allocations, charitable housing): 2.6 % of households.

The median annual household income in Île‑de‑France is €25 210, about 9 % higher than the national median (€23 080). Despite higher incomes, housing costs are markedly above the French average: private‑rental rates are 55 % higher (19.1 €/m² versus 12.3 €/m² nationally), purchase prices are 83 % higher (€4 324 /m² versus €2 358 /m²), and construction costs for new single‑family homes are 148 % higher (€245 /m² versus €99 /m²). These price differentials intensify affordability pressures for low‑ and middle‑income families.

In 2024, 8 000 households were forcibly removed from their homes with police assistance, a 30 % increase over six years. The report notes that 47 % of social‑housing applicants face expulsion, while 74 % of people in general emergency accommodation are housed in hotels, reflecting a severe shortage of dedicated emergency shelters. The region records 95 015 general‑purpose emergency places, a capacity that remains saturated.

The study identifies several vulnerable groups:

• 33 % of social‑housing seekers are in acute need.
• 1.3 million individuals are either homeless, living in hotels, or in “habitations de fortune”.
• 148 000 people are constrained to stay with third parties (informal host families).
• 12 945 persons experience forced temporary measures (FTM).
• 4 316 members of travelling communities lack accommodation in recognised sites.

The foundation highlights ongoing initiatives: construction of new social‑housing units, renovation of substandard dwellings, and expanded emergency accommodation programmes. It calls for a more equitable, inclusive housing policy that reduces selection bias, improves allocation transparency, and strengthens institutional solidarity. The report stresses the need for coordinated action among regional authorities, NGOs, and housing providers to curb the rising trend of expulsions and to address energy‑poverty‑related cold‑housing.

For a pan‑European audience focused on sustainability, the data illustrate how high‑density urban regions confront intersecting challenges of affordability, energy efficiency, and social equity. The stark price differentials and the prevalence of inadequate housing underscore the importance of integrating affordable, energy‑efficient design into new construction and retrofitting programmes. The foundation’s emphasis on inclusive policy aligns with broader European objectives to ensure that sustainable housing transitions benefit all socioeconomic groups, not only the affluent.