Overview of the Report
Rethinking European Offices 2030 â Risks and Opportunities from Obsolescence is a research publication by Cushman & Wakefield, a global commercial realâestate services firm. The study is authored by senior analysts including Nigel Almond (Head of EMEA Office Research), Emma Swinton (Head of RETHINKING EMEA), and James Young (Head of Investor Services, EMEA & APAC). It examines how office stock across sixteen European cities may become obsolete by 2030 and outlines strategic responses for owners and investors.
Key Findings on Obsolescence Risk
The analysis identifies that over 170 million sqm of office space â roughly six times the total office stock in Central London â is at risk of obsolescence. In seven leading Western European markets (Amsterdam, Barcelona, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Stockholm) more than 80 % of office stock faces this risk. Specific cityâlevel percentages include Milan 86 %, Barcelona 81 %, Stockholm 81 %, Paris 80 %, Madrid 77 %, Amsterdam 77 %, London 76 %, Brussels 70 %, Frankfurt 70 %, Berlin 65 %, Lisbon 64 %, Dublin 64 %, Munich 60 %, Prague 47 %, Budapest 43 %, Warsaw 40 %.
Vacancy Trends and Market Dynamics
Office vacancy across Europe rose to an average of 10.5 % in Q2 2024, up from a preâpandemic low of 6.1 % in Q4 2019. Compared with North America (vacancy >20 %) and APAC (â15 %), Europeâs vacancy increase is modest. Vacancy is notably higher in nonâcentral locations, typically 550 bps above central districts, creating pressure on asset values and encouraging repurposing strategies.
Sustainability and Regulatory Context
The report notes that the realâestate sector accounts for about 40 % of global greenhouseâgas emissions. European directives such as the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) and national MEES requirements are tightening energyâperformance standards. By 2030, many jurisdictions will require office buildings to achieve at least EPC Grade B, up from the current Grade E baseline. These regulatory shifts drive the need for retrofitting, energyâefficiency upgrades, and, where feasible, conversion to alternative uses.
Strategic Options: Repositioning vs. Repurposing
For assets in highârisk, central CBD locations, owners are encouraged to reposition by upgrading finishes, amenities, and sustainability credentials to retain or attract Grade A tenants. In peripheral or underâperforming markets, repurposing to residential, mixedâuse, healthcare, or dataâcentre functions is presented as the optimal pathway, often delivering higher yields and mitigating vacancy risk.
Financial Implications and Investment Trends
Office values remain high relative to other asset classes, second only to retail, though the value gap is narrowing (from a 24 % discount in 2019 to 11 % in 2024). Transactions motivated by redevelopment or renovation now represent close to 20 % of office sales, up from 15 % during the postâfinancialâcrisis period. In western markets, the average yield premium for assets with high sustainability ratings (EPC A/B, BREEAM Excellent/Outstanding) exceeds 10 % above prime rents.
PanâEuropean Outlook for Sustainable Housing
The study highlights that converting obsolete office stock to residential use can address housing shortages while improving urban sustainability. In Madrid, over 300 000 sqm of office space has already been transformed into housing since 2020, with a further 700 000 sqm upgraded back to office use. Similar conversion trends are observed in Barcelona and other cities, emphasizing the role of adaptive reuse in meeting both housing demand and climate goals.
Implementation Guidance for Stakeholders
Cushman & Wakefield recommends a fiveâpoint plan: (1) assess current and future risk at the asset level, (2) review market fundamentals and demand, (3) evaluate legislative impacts, (4) consider planning and redevelopment pathways, and (5) conduct costâvsâreturn analysis. Flexible planning policies and targeted incentives are identified as critical enablers for successful repurposing projects.