{
  "rows": [
    {
      "iso": "AT",
      "country": "Austria",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Baurecht",
      "maxDurationYears": "100",
      "maxDurationToken": "100 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Up to the 100-year statutory cap for housing; the historic Vienna cooperative Baurechte ran 30 years then a 50-year extension (expiry 2012/13), i.e. ~80 years total before the negotiated successor contracts. A 60–99 year term sits comfortably within §3 BauRG and is lender-friendly provided the residual term at any point exceeds the outstanding loan amortisation.",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 13,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "DK",
      "country": "Denmark",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Bygning på lejet grund",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum — ground leases for buildings may run indefinitely; in practice they run roughly 30 to 99 years (occasionally up to 150), and municipal hjemfaldspligt was historically set at 70–100 years",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "30–99 years for buildings on leased land (some contracts up to 150); municipal hjemfaldspligt typically 70–100 years",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 13,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "FI",
      "country": "Finland",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Maanvuokra",
      "maxDurationYears": "100",
      "maxDurationToken": "100 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "~50 (Helsinki municipal residential-plot leases; City Council 2025 renewal principles confirm ~50-yr terms); practice range 20–100; statutory minimum 30 yrs for residential building-plot leases (and the default term if none is agreed)",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 10,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "FR",
      "country": "France",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Bail Réel Solidaire",
      "maxDurationYears": "99",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "BRS typically 80–99y (18–99y statutory range; the OFS sets it); bail emphytéotique and bail à construction commonly 50–99y, both statutorily 18–99y. Banque des Territoires Prêt Gaïa land loans run up to 80y (Livret A + 0.6%). Verified: all three capped at 99y — no instrument exceeds it, and 'rechargement' extends BRS by re-setting the term on transfer rather than breaching the cap.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 13,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "DE",
      "country": "Germany",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Erbbaurecht",
      "maxDurationYears": "no statutory maximum (term freely negotiable; 99 is the practical/classic ceiling, 100-year terms now being granted, e.g. Hamburg)",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "75-99 for housing (classic standard 99; 66/75 also common; municipalities commonly grant 80; Hamburg's 2024 affordable scheme uses 100)",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 12,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "IE",
      "country": "Ireland",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Long leasehold",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum; leases of 999 years (and longer, up to ~9,999) are routinely granted",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "99 to 999 years; 999 years is the modern standard for apartments and new long-leasehold developments (sources note <70 years unexpired is not 'good marketable title', so a 60-99 year debt horizon sits comfortably inside the norm)",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 15,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "IT",
      "country": "Italy",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Diritto di superficie",
      "maxDurationYears": "99 (surface right in PEEP/public-land practice, renewable for a further 99); the Civil Code itself (art. 953) sets no statutory min/max for diritto di superficie — duration is left to the parties. Enfiteusi may be perpetual or temporary (temporary min 20 years), and is redeemable by the enfiteuta after 20 years.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "99 years (the standard term municipalities grant surface rights to housing cooperatives and social-housing developers under PEEP conventions, renewable once for another 99 — independently confirmed for Rome's Piani di Zona)",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 12,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "MT",
      "country": "Malta",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Ċens perpetwu",
      "maxDurationYears": "Perpetual emphyteusis is unlimited (in perpetuity), redeemable into freehold at 20× the ground rent. Temporary emphyteusis has NO fixed statutory ceiling in the Civil Code; the cap is contractual/market practice — the standard contracted long terms are 99 and 150 years (with 17 and 21 years as the standard short terms). Public-land temporary emphyteutical concessions are likewise granted for long fixed terms (commonly up to 99–150 yrs). Independently confirmed: 99/150-year temporary terms are the recognised long-horizon norm.",
      "maxDurationToken": "Perpetual / term",
      "typicalDurationYears": "99 or 150 years for long-horizon temporary ċens; 17 and 21 years for short terms. A 60+ year coop horizon fits comfortably inside a 99- or 150-year temporary ċens, or is made indefinite via a perpetual ċens (the model FAH actually uses for the land grant).",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 16,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "NL",
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Erfpacht",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory ceiling. Book 5 BW sets no maximum duration for erfpacht: it may be granted perpetually (eeuwigdurend) or for any fixed term. Recht van opstal likewise has no statutory cap. (Statutory rules are sparse - ~16 articles - so duration is set by the deed/general conditions, not capped by the Code.)",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Temporary/continuous leases commonly 50 or 75 years (canon then reset to current land value); 99-year and perpetual grants are routine. Amsterdam now issues/converts to eeuwigdurende (perpetual) erfpacht with a one-off, inflation-indexed canon. Comfortably covers a 60+ year horizon.",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 19,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "NO",
      "country": "Norway",
      "eu": false,
      "instrument": "Tomtefeste",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum for residential/holiday housing; effectively perpetual from the lessee's side. Tomtefesteloven §7 makes ground leases for homes and holiday homes run until the LESSEE chooses to terminate, and §33 gives the right to continue on the same terms at expiry — so post-2002 residential leases are perpetual in substance (pre-2002 leases extend at expiry under §33). Commercial ground leases run for the agreed fixed term with no automatic continuation.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Historically fixed terms of 50-99 years (e.g. OBOS's 99-year lease of land in Oslo from 1958, on which it built residential blocks); modern residential ground leases are open-ended/perpetual in substance because §7 makes them run until the lessee terminates. So a 60+ year horizon is comfortably available.",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 13,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "ES",
      "country": "Spain",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Derecho de superficie",
      "maxDurationYears": "99 (hard TRLS art. 53 cap between any parties — \"no podrá exceder de noventa y nueve años\"); 75 is the ceiling/standard term for public-administration grants of public land",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "75 (the standard term municipalities use when ceding public land to cooperatives/non-profits, e.g. Barcelona's surface right to La Borda and Sostre Cívic); up to 99 occasionally between private parties",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 12,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "SE",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Tomträtt",
      "maxDurationYears": "Indefinite / perpetual in character — the INSTRUMENT is granted with no end date and is not time-limited. It runs in statutory minimum PERIODS that auto-continue unless the owner validly terminates at a period boundary: residential first period min. 60 years, each subsequent period min. 40 years (Jordabalken 13:14). Non-residential periods may be as short as 20 years. There is no statutory maximum and no phase-out of the tenure itself; the finite numbers are renewal intervals, not a cap on total tenure.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Effectively perpetual for residential housing co-ops: a 60-year initial period followed by automatically continuing 40-year periods, terminable by the owner only at a period boundary on a genuine changed-use need. Comfortably exceeds a 60-99-year debt-financed model horizon with no instrument-level expiry.",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 17,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "CH",
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "eu": false,
      "instrument": "Selbständiges und dauerndes Baurecht",
      "maxDurationYears": "100",
      "maxDurationToken": "100 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "60-100. Zurich municipal/cooperative practice standardises ~62-year contracts, each extendable twice by 15 years (so practical horizons of ~60-92 years); the Federal Office for Housing (BWO) recommends 75-100 years (or the expected building lifespan) for non-profit housing, with renewal options where the term is under 90 years. Minimum 30 years to qualify as 'independent and permanent' and be registrable as a separate immovable.",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 10,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "GB",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "eu": false,
      "instrument": "Leasehold / Long lease",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory cap; 999 years common (treated as 'virtual freehold'); LFRA 2024 statutory extensions/new leases set at 990 years",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "99 / 125 / 250 / 999 (new long residential leases and CLT/shared-ownership leases typically 99-999y; statutory extension term now 990y)",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "A",
      "mapTier": 3,
      "haircutPp": 0,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 17,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "BE",
      "country": "Belgium",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Erfpacht / Emphytéose",
      "maxDurationYears": "99 (both emphyteusis and superficies; perpetual only in narrow cases — public-domain property, or distinct volumes sharing no common parts)",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Emphyteusis min 15y (reduced from 27y), commonly 27–99y; CLT housing practice = 50-year renewable emphyteutic ground lease. Superficies: no statutory minimum, commonly up to 99y.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 14,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "BG",
      "country": "Bulgaria",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Право на строеж",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum — perpetual (безсрочно) by default, or any agreed fixed term. 60-99 years is fully achievable contractually (30/50/99-year terms are seen in practice).",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Often granted perpetually (безсрочно) in developer practice; where fixed, commonly 30, 50 or 99 years by contract. No housing-specific norm exists because cooperative/long-leasehold housing is not an established practice in Bulgaria.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 9,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "HR",
      "country": "Croatia",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Pravo građenja",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum and no statutory minimum — term is set contractually (Art. 287(3) allows the right to be \"limited in any way which is feasible\"). In practice it is treated as a fixed-term right and the comparative guides describe it as \"normally granted for a limited period\"; an indefinite/perpetual grant is not expressly forbidden but is not the market norm. The only statutory time constraint is Art. 294: the landowner may have the right revoked if no building is erected within 20 years.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "50–75 (Križevci cooperative pilot land grant). Term is contractually free, so 60–99 years is straightforwardly achievable, but note no Croatian co-op has yet run a 60+ year right through to occupancy.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 10,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "CZ",
      "country": "Czechia",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Právo stavby",
      "maxDurationYears": "99",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Negotiable up to the 99-year statutory ceiling (§ 1244); brokers and lenders note longer terms amortise better. The NRB Dostupné nájemní bydlení affordable-rental programme requires the building right to run at least the loan term (operation ≥20 years). No settled market-standard residential figure yet given the thin housing track record; commercial/development practice commonly 30–99 years.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 8,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "EE",
      "country": "Estonia",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Hoonestusõigus",
      "maxDurationYears": "99 (private/municipal land); 49 as the default ceiling on STATE land unless the Government of the Republic consents to a longer term",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Statutory minimum 36 years; maximum 99 (an indefinite term, or one set longer than 99, is deemed 99). In practice long commercial/institutional grants run 50–99 years. A 60–99-year horizon is within the legal envelope for private/municipal land, but on STATE land the standard cap is 49 years and a 60–99y term requires explicit government consent. The binding question is counterparty willingness, not the statute.",
      "mortgageable": "strong",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 14,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "GR",
      "country": "Greece",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Δικαίωμα επιφανείας",
      "maxDurationYears": "99 (codified Art. 19(2) of L.3986/2011 as amended by L.4092/2012: a surface right \"cannot be created for longer than ninety-nine (99) years or shorter than five (5) years\"; one created for longer/shorter is read down to 99/5); 5-year statutory minimum. The original 2011 text capped it at 50 yrs — L.4092/2012 RAISED it to 99 (the lower \"50\" figure in some guides quotes superseded text).",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "No settled housing practice yet. State-asset/commercial and tourism deals run toward the long end (up to 99). The 2025 social-housing PPPs surface a ~10-year operating/rent-to-own minimum, but those use ownership-allocation agreements, not necessarily a near-max-term surface right. A 60-99 yr term is legally available but commercially untested for housing.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 10,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "LT",
      "country": "Lithuania",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Užstatymo teisė",
      "maxDurationYears": "Land lease capped at 100 years by statute (Civil Code Art. 6.479 — independently corroborated). State/public-land leases are conventionally written up to 99 years in practice. Superficies has NO statutory maximum (Art. 4.163 — fixed-term or indefinite/perpetual; confirmed verbatim). Emphyteusis: minimum 10 years, no statutory maximum.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "No housing-specific track record. State-land non-agricultural/development leases are conventionally written up to 99 years; superficies deeds set the term freely by agreement. A 60–99-year term is fully achievable under any of the three instruments — no overstated 'perpetual' and no understated cap; the 100-year ceiling sits comfortably above a 60+ year debt structure.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "no",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 11,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "LU",
      "country": "Luxembourg",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Bail emphytéotique / emphytéose",
      "maxDurationYears": "99",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "99 for affordable housing (SNHBM, Fonds du Logement, Fonds Kirchberg, communes, and the City of Luxembourg's Merl cooperative pilot); 50-year statutory minimum for residential (27-year general minimum for non-residential emphytéose); ~75 years seen in commercial (Royal-Hamilius)",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "yes",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 15,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "PT",
      "country": "Portugal",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Direito de superfície",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum for private surface rights — art. 1524 CC allows them to be either perpetual or temporary (party-determined). Public/municipal cooperative grants in practice use 90 years (Lisbon programme); reversion is to the municipality at term end.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "60-90 years for housing (a 60-year cooperative term and the Lisbon municipal programme's 90-year term are both documented); 90 years is the live municipal-cooperative standard.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 11,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "RO",
      "country": "Romania",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Dreptul de superficie",
      "maxDurationYears": "99",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Up to 99 (renewable); commonly set at the 99-year maximum for development, and frequently shorter (e.g. matching a development/loan horizon). Concession of public land caps at 49 years. No mature affordable-housing convention exists, so there is no settled 'typical' for that use.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 11,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "SK",
      "country": "Slovakia",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Nájom pozemku",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum for a land/commercial lease — parties are free to contract as they wish, so 60–99 yrs is contractually possible; leases may also be concluded for an indefinite period; easements (vecné bremeno) can be perpetual/indefinite. The 6-yr cap under the Short-term Apartment Lease Act and protective 'over-5-yr → indefinite term' conversions are features of the dwelling lease / state-supported rental rules, NOT of the underlying land lease — so they do not limit a long ground lease.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "No established 60–99 yr housing practice. Slovak cooperative housing runs in practice as save-to-own conversions (not permanent ground leases), and development land leases are typically medium-term. Long ground leases for housing are not a documented Slovak practice.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 11,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "SI",
      "country": "Slovenia",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Stavbna pravica",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum since 2020. SPZ-B (Uradni list RS 23/2020) amended Art. 256(2) so a building right may be created for a determined OR indeterminate period; the previous rigid 99-year cap was removed. VERIFIED: the post-29-March-2020 Art. 256 text (racunovodstvo.net) and k2finance both confirm the upper duration limit was abolished (\"odpravila zgornjo omejitev trajanja stavbne pravice\"). Stale databases (e.g. zakonodaja.com) still show the pre-2020 SPZ-A text with the 99-year cap.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "60-99 in practice. The Zurich-model rental-cooperative approach Zadrugator is adopting envisages a non-gratuitous building right of 60 to 99 years on municipal land; pre-2020 grants were universally <=99. No completed 60+ year cooperative-housing grant exists yet to set a settled market norm.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "B",
      "mapTier": 2,
      "haircutPp": 10,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 13,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "CY",
      "country": "Cyprus",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Εγγεγραμμένη μίσθωση ακινήτου",
      "maxDurationYears": "99 (state-land development leases run up to 99 with land retained by the State). No general statutory maximum for Cypriot/EU lessees; a lease of ≥99 years with a one-off payment at market value is treated as freehold-equivalent FOR TAX purposes. Registrable threshold: term must EXCEED 15 years. Non-EEA 'aliens' capped at 33 years without Council of Ministers approval (Acquisition of Immovable Property (Aliens) Law, Cap. 109). The 'up to 999 years' recognition in the original profile could NOT be independently corroborated and has been removed.",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "33–99 years (state-land development leases routinely up to 99; registrable threshold is any term exceeding 15 years). No residential cooperative ground-lease 'typical' term exists in practice — there is no such precedent.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "C",
      "mapTier": 1,
      "haircutPp": 20,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 12,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "HU",
      "country": "Hungary",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Építményi jog",
      "maxDurationYears": "50",
      "maxDurationToken": "50 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "No established practice for housing. The new building right is, where used at all, applied to solar/infrastructure/commercial projects, not consumer housing. Any term over 50 years auto-terminates at year 50, and the right also lapses after 15 years of non-exercise.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "no",
      "tier": "C",
      "mapTier": 1,
      "haircutPp": 20,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 10,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "LV",
      "country": "Latvia",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Apbūves tiesība",
      "maxDurationYears": "No statutory maximum (Civil Law fixes only a 10-year minimum for the building right and no maximum; parties may agree any longer term, so 60–99 years is permissible). Not perpetual.",
      "maxDurationToken": "No cap",
      "typicalDurationYears": "Statutory minimum 10 years; no established residential practice exists (the building right is by law usable only for non-residential buildings/engineering structures, so housing durations are not observed). Long ground leases (§§2112–2177) have no statutory cap but are likewise not an established residential-housing route.",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "no",
      "tier": "C",
      "mapTier": 1,
      "haircutPp": 20,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 10,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "high"
      }
    },
    {
      "iso": "PL",
      "country": "Poland",
      "eu": true,
      "instrument": "Użytkowanie wieczyste",
      "maxDurationYears": "99 (perpetual usufruct: default 99y, min 40y, Art. 236 Civil Code; renewable for a further 40–99y on demand in the last 5y of the term, refusable only for important public interest). Dzierżawa land lease effectively capped at 30y (Art. 695 §1: deemed indefinite + terminable thereafter). Proposed prawo zabudowy would have been 30–100y but is not law.",
      "maxDurationToken": "99 yr",
      "typicalDurationYears": "99 (perpetual usufruct standard term; exceptionally as low as 40y where the economic purpose does not require the full term)",
      "mortgageable": "conditional",
      "housingProven": "emerging",
      "tier": "C",
      "mapTier": 1,
      "haircutPp": 20,
      "provenance": {
        "sources": 13,
        "latestYear": null,
        "confidence": "medium"
      }
    }
  ],
  "provenance": {
    "entries": 30,
    "countries": 30,
    "sources": 374,
    "latestYear": null,
    "researchedAt": "2026-06-15",
    "method": "Two adversarially-verified research passes per country — a deep-research fan-out followed by a per-country research-and-verify pass — scored on the three axes that decide whether a 60-year debt-financed lease is bankable: duration reach, bank-mortgageability and housing track record."
  },
  "totals": {
    "countries": 30,
    "tierA": 14,
    "tierB": 12,
    "tierC": 4,
    "mortgageableStrong": 10,
    "housingProven": 16,
    "longTerm": 29
  }
}